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Introduction xvii
Chapter
I. Foundation Facts and Principles ... 1
II. The More Important Elements and Compounds ... 12
III. Plant Food and Plant Growth ... 26
IV. The Earth's Crust ... 46
V. Soil Formations and Classifications ... 54
VI. Soil Composition ... 58
VII. Available Plant Food ... 107
VIII. Soil Surveys by the United States Bureau of Soils ... 114
IX. Soil Analysis by the United States Bureau of Soils ... 136
X. Crop Requirements for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium ... 153
XI. Sources of Plant Food ... 156
XII. Limestone ... 160
XIII. Phosphorus ... 183
XIV. Organic Matter and Nitrogen ... 194
XV. Rotation Systems for Grain Farming ... 226
XVI. Live-Stock Farming ... 231
XVII. The Use of Phosphorus in Different Forms ... 236
XVIII. Theories Concerning Soil Fertility ... 300
XIX. The Rothamsted Experiments ... 344
XX. Pennsylvania Field Experiments ... 420
XXI. Ohio Field Experiments ... 441
XXII. Illinois Field Experiments ... 453
XXIII. Field Experiments in the South,
Including Southern Illinois ... 476
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x Contents
Chapter Page
XXIV. Minnesota Soil Investigations ... 499
XXV. Canadian Field Experiments ... 505
XXVI. Short-Time Pot-Culture and Water-Culture
Experiments in Comparison with Field Results ... 513
XXVII. Manufactured Commercial Fertilizers ... 517
XXVIII. Crop Stimulants and Protective Agents ... 533
XXIX. Critical Periods in Plant Life ... 538
XXX. Farm Manure ... 541
XXXI. Losses of Plant Food from Plants ... 549
XXXII. Losses of Plant Food from Soils ... 556
XXXIII. Fixation of Plant Food by Soils ... 562
XXXIV. Analyzing and Testing Soils ... 565
XXXV. Relation of Fertility to Appearance of Soils or Crops ... 572
XXXVI. Factors in Crop Production ... 575
XXXVII. Essential Factors of Success in Farming ... 584
XXXVIII. The Value of Land ... 586
XXXIX. Two Periods in Agricultural History ... 590
Section
I. The Production of Phosphate Rock ... 595
II. Model Fertilizer Law ... 599
III. Composition of Animal and Plant Products ... 602
IV. Statistics of Agricultural Products ... 605
V. Methods of Soil Analysis ... 626
VI. Composition of Some European Soils ... 634
VII. Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations
in the United States and Canada ... 643
Index ... 647
Table Page
1. Elements, Symbols, and Atomic Weights ... 10
2. The More Important Elements: Occurrence ... 13
3. Composition of Silicates ... 48
4. Composition of Rock ... 49
5. Composition of Fresh Limestone and Residual Clay ... 51
6. Soils: General Groups ... 55
7. Recognized Soil Types ... 56
8. Relative "Suppply and Demand" of Seven Elements ... 59
9. Composition of Productive and Nonproductive Soils ... 63
10. Composition of Adobe and Coral Limestone Soils ... 65
11. Composition of Loess Deposits ... 69
12. Composition of Ten Residual Soils ... 73
13. Mineral Plant Food in Wheat, Corn, Oats, and Clover ... 75
14. Composition of New York Soils ... 75
15. Fertility in Illinois Soils: Surface ... 82
16. Fertility in Illinois Soils: Subsurface ... 84
17. Fertility in Illinois Soils: Subsoil ... 86
18. Composition of Southern Indiana Surface Soils ... 88
18.1. Plant Food in Surface Soils of Iowa ... 91
19. Composition of Surface Soils of Tennessee ... 93
19.1. Composition of Georgia Soil ... 94
19.2. Average Composition of Some Texas Soils ... 95
19.3. Composition of Some Louisiana Soils ... 96
20. Composition of Some Michigan Soils ... 98
20.1. Composition of Canadian Soils ... 103
20.2. Certain Plant-food Elements in Illinois Surface Soils ... 105
21. Annually Available Fertility in Illinois Soils ... 110
22. Composition of Various Extensive
Soil Types of the United States ... 138
23. Fertility in Farm Produce ... 154
24. Fertility in Manure, Rough Feeds, and Fertilizers ... 157
25. Pennsylvania Experiments with Lime ... 165
25.1. Maryland Experiments with Lime ... 167
26. Experiments with Magnesium Carbonate ... 171
27. Losses of Calcium Carbonate from Broadbalk Field ... 174
28. Losses of Calcium Carbonate from Hoos Field ... 175
29. Digestibility of Common Food Stuffs ... 199
xi
xii List of Tables
Table Page
30. Plant Food recovered from Food Consumed (Illinois) ... 201
31. Plant Food recovered from Food Consumed (Pennsylvania) ... 202
32. Plant Food recovered from Six Months' Feeding (Ohio) ... 204
33. Fixation of Nitrogen by Alfalfa ... 214
34. Nitrogen in Sweet Clover ... 220
35. Composition of Crimson Clover ... 221
36. Composition of Legumes and Other Plants ... 222
37, 38, 39, and 39b. Comparison of Raw Phosphate and
Acid Phosphate ... 247-253
40. Ohio Experiments with Manure, Phosphate, Kainit, Gypsum,
and Complete Fertilizers ... 256
41. Balance Sheet for Nitrogen and Phosphorus
in Manure-phosphate Experiments ... 257
42. Maryland Experiments with Different Phosphates ... 262
43. Pennsylvania Experiments with Different Phosphates ... 264
44, 45, 44c, and 45c. Rhode Island Experiments
with Nine Phosphates ... 268-274
46 and 47. Maine Experiments with Different Phosphates ... 276, 277
48 and 49. Massachusetts Experiments with Different Phosphates ... 279, 282
50. Illinois Experiments with Raw Rock Phosphate ... 285
51. Steamed Bone Meal and Raw Rock Phosphate ... 287
52-58. Rotation Crops on Agdell Field ... 346-352
59. Summary of Crop Yields and Values, Agdell Field ... 360
60 and 61. Wheat Yields, Broadbalk Field, Averages ... 364, 365
62. Wheat Yields at Rothamsted, Comparisons ... 372, 373
63. Wheat Yields, Broadbalk Field, Nitrogen Increments ... 374
64. Wheat Yields at Rothamstead, Summaries ... 375
65. Rothamstead Records, Rainfall and Drainage ... 377
66 and 67. Barley Yields on Hoos Field ... 380, 381
68. Potato Yields on Hoos Field ... 386, 387
69. Residual Effect of Fertilizers on Hoos Field ... 390
70. Hay Yields on The Park at Rothamsted ... 393
71. Root Crops on Barn Field ... 399, 400
72. Rothamsted Fields abandoned to Nature ... 404
73. Plant Food in Soil of Broadbalk Plots ... 411
74. Composition of Drainage Waters from Broadbalk Field ... 413
75. Nitrogen in Soil of Agdell Plots ... 416
76. Composition of Crops grown on Agdell Field ... 417
77. Composition of Hay from The Park, Rothamsted ... 418
78. Pennsylvania Crop Yields in Field Experiments ... 423
79 and 80. Pennsylvania Experiments by Twelve-year Periods ... 428, 429
81. Pennsylvania Experiments: Financial Summary ... 431
81P. Pennsylvania Experiments: Twenty-five year Average 434
List of Tables xiii
Table Page
82. Ohio Experiments: Five-year Rotation ... 442
83. Ohio Experiments: Potatoes, Wheat, Clover ... 448
84. Experiments at Strongsville, Ohio ... 452
85. Illinois Experiment Plots, Urbana ... 457
86. Comparable Corn Yields, Illinois Experiments ... 459
87. Crop Yields on Sibley Field, Illinois ... 462
88. Crop Yields on Bloomington Field, Illinois ... 464
89. Crop Yields on Antioch Field, Illinois ... 467
90. Crop Yields on Sand Land, Illinois ... 468
91. Corn Yields on Deep Peat Soil, Illinois ... 471
92 and 93. Corn Yields on Peaty Alkali Soil, Illinois ... 473, 475
94. Crop Yields in Southern Illinois, Odin Field ... 478
95. Crop Yields in Southern Illinois, Du Bois Field ... 481
96 and 97. Crop Yields on Worn Hill Land, Vienna, Illinois ... 483, 485
98 and 98.1. Pot-culture Experiments with Worn Hill Soil ... 486, 487
99. Southern Iowa Field Experiments ... 488
100. Georgia Fertilizer Experiments with Corn ... 490
101. Rainfall Records at Experiment, Georgia ... 491
102 and 103. Georgia Fertilizer Experiments with Cotton ... 492, 493
104. Alabama Field Experiments with Cotton ... 495
104.1. Louisiana Field Experiments ... 496
105. Minnesota Soil Investigations ... 499
106 and 107. Canadian Field Experiments ... 508, 511
108 and 109. Comparison of Pot Cultures and Field Experiments ... 513, 514
110. Composition of Farm Manures ... 543
111. Composition of Pulverized Dried Manures ... 545
112. Composition of Manure before and after Exposure ... 547
113. Composition of Bean Crop at Different Periods of Growth ... 550
114. Composition of Barley at Different Periods of Growth ... 552
115. Plant Food removed from Plants by Leaching ... 555
116. Nitrogen in Rothamsted Drainage Waters ... 557
117. Soluble Nitrogen in Cropped Soils, Rothamsted ... 558
118. Ammonia Fixation and Nitrification ... 563
119. Effect of Soil Preparation, Cultivation, Irrigation,
and Fertilization on the Yield of Corn ... 578
120. Value of Land, measured by Crop Yields ... 587
121. Composition of Animal and Plant Products ... 602
Page
Glacial Map of North America ... 68
General Survey Soil Map of Illinois ... 76
A Man of Science: Eugene Woldemar Hilgard ... 102
Map of United States Soil Provinces ... 116
Nitrogen Fixation by Clover ... 218
Topographic Map of Ohio Experiment Field ... 252
Director Charles E. Thorne ... 254
Sir John Bennet Lawes ... 342
Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert ... 344
Turnips on Agdell Field, 1908 ... 362
Director A. D. Hall ... 408
Director Edward B. Voorhees ... 516
Rainfall Chart of North Platte, Nebraska ... 580
Rainfall Map of the United States ... 582
xv
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